Everything about Sandhi totally explained
Sandhi (
Sanskrit "joining") is a cover term for a wide variety of
phonological processes that occur at
morpheme or word boundaries (thus belonging to what is called
morphophonology). Examples include the fusion of sounds across word boundaries and the alteration of sounds due to neighboring sounds or due to the grammatical function of adjacent words. Sandhi occurs particularly prominently in
Sanskrit phonology, hence its name, but many other languages have it.
As a non-English word, the pronunciation of the word "sandhi" is rather diverse among English speakers. According to Sanskrit phonology it can be pronounced /sən̪d̪ʰi/. Acceptable English pronunciations include /ˈsʌndi/ (identical with "Sunday" for some
British English speakers), /ˈsændi/ (identical with "sandy" for those speakers without the
bad-lad split), and /ˈsɑndi/ among others.
Types of sandhi
- Internal sandhi features the alteration of sounds within words at morpheme boundaries, as in sympathy (syn- + pathy).
- External sandhi refers to changes found at word boundaries, such as in the pronunciation [tɛmbʊks] for ten books. This isn't true of all dialects of English. The Linking R of some dialects of English is a kind of external sandhi, as is the process called liaison in the French language.
While it may be extremely common in speech, sandhi (especially external) is typically ignored in spelling, as is the case in English, with the exception of the distinction between "a" and "an" (sandhi is, however, reflected in the writing system of Sanskrit). External sandhi effects can sometimes become morphologized (for example apply only in certain
morphological and
syntactic environments) and, over time, turn into
consonant mutations.
Most
tonal languages have
tone sandhi, in which the tones of words alter according to pre-determined rules. For example:
Mandarin has four tones: a high monotone, a rising tone, a falling-rising tone, and a falling tone. In the common greeting
nǐ hǎo, both words in isolation would normally have the falling-rising tone. However, this is difficult to say, so the tone on
nǐ is pronounced as
ní (but still written nǐ in
Hanyu Pinyin).
